* limited to sites with higher soil calcium
Vascular plant nomenclature follows Rhoads and Block (2007). Bryophyte nomenclature follows Crum and Anderson (1981).

International Vegetation Classification Associations:

USNVC Crosswalk:

None

Representative Community Types:

Southern New England / Northern Piedmont Red Maple Seepage Swamp (CEGL006406)

NatureServe Ecological Systems:

Northern Appalachian-Acadian Conifer-Hardwood Acidic Swamp (CES201.574)
North-Central Appalachian Acidic Swamp (CES202.604)
Central Appalachian Stream and Riparian (CES202.609)

NatureServe Group Level:

None

Origin of Concept

Pennsylvania Community Code*

WM : Red Maple – Mixed Shrub Palustrine Woodland

*(DCNR 1999, Stone 2006)

Similar Ecological Communities

Red Maple – Mixed shrub Palustrine Woodland differs from the Red Maple – Highbush Blueberry Palustrine Woodland and Red Maple – Sedge Palustrine Woodland in that the dominant shrub species is a combination of silky dogwood (Cornus amomum), winterberry (Ilex verticillata), spicebush (Lindera benzoin), smooth alder (Alnus serrulata), silky willow (Salix sericea), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), and/or buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis). Red Maple – Sedge Palustrine Woodland lacks a definitve shrub layer and is dominated by sedge species in the herb layer. Red Maple – Highbush Blueberry Palustrine Woodland has a shrub layer dominated by highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum).

Fike Crosswalk

Red Maple – Mixed shrub Palustrine Woodland

Conservation Value

This community serves as nesting habitat for birds such as swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana), yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata), and American goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) as well as foraging habitat for wood ducks (Aix sponsa), black ducks (Anas rubripes), and bat species. This community may serve as habitat for many species of dragonflies and damselflies. This community also serves as a buffer for sediment and pollution runoff from adjacent developed lands by slowing the flow of surficial water causing sediment to settle within this wetland.

Threats

Red Maple – Mixed shrub Palustrine Woodlands are threatened by habitat alteration in the watersheds they occupy and nutrient input from surrounding uplands. Clearing and development of adjacent land can lead to an accumulation of run-off, pollution, and sedimentation. Clearing adjacent lands can also lead to wind damage since the trees have shallow root systems. Alterations to the hydrologic regime (beaver dams, road crossings that impede water movement, lowering or raising of water tables) may actually encourage this wetland type. Invasive exotic plant species are a threat when there is nutrient input from surrounding uplands. Species such as common reed (Phragmites australis ssp. australis), purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), and other exotic invasive species can become abundant with increases in nutrients, sediments, and other disturbances.

Management

A natural buffer around the wetland should be maintained in order to minimize nutrient runoff, pollution, and sedimentation. The potential for soil erosion based on soil texture, condition of the adjacent vegetation (mature forests vs. clearcuts), and the topography of the surrounding area (i.e., degree of slope) should be considered when establishing buffers. The buffer size should be increased if soils are erodible, adjacent vegetation has been logged, and the topography is steep as such factors could contribute to increased sedimentation and nutrient pollution. Direct impacts and habitat alteration in the wetland should be avoided (e.g., roads, trails, filling of wetlands). Where disturbances are unavoidable, the wetland should be monitored for changes in vegetation, especially invasive species.

Range Map

Pennsylvania Range

Statewide

Global Distribution

Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Vermont

Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. La Roe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, D.C. 131 pp.

Edinger, G. J., D.J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T. G. Howard, D. M. Hunt, and A. M. Olivero. 2002. Ecological Communities of New York State. Second Edition. A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke's Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. 136 pp.

Fike, J. 1999. Terrestrial and palustrine plant communities of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Natural Diversity Inventory. Harrisburg, PA. 79 pp.

Golet, F.C., A.J.K. Calhoun, W.R. DeRagon, D.J. Lowery and A.J. Gold. 1993.Ecology of Red Maple Swamps in th eGlaciated Northeast: a Community Profile. U.S. Dept. of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

Horvath, Jamie L., Timothy A. Block, and Ann F. Rhoads. 2008. Description of the population, canopy cover, and associated vegetation of the globally rare sedge Carex polymorpha (Cyperaceae) in Nescopeck State Park, Pennsylvania. In Sedges: Uses, Diversity, and Systematics of the Cyperaceae, eds. R. Naczi and B. Ford. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, MO.

Khan, Nancy R., Ann F. Rhoads, and Timothy A. Block. 2005. Characterization and assessmant of the Floristic Resources in Evansburg State Park. Report submitted to DCNR, Bureau of State Parks.

Khan, Nancy R., Ann F. Rhoads, and Timothy A. Block. 2008. Vascular flora and community assemblages of Evansburg State Park, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 135(3): 438-458.

NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, Virginia. USA.

Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR). 1999. Inventory Manual of Procedure. For the Fourth State Forest Management Plan. Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry, Division of Forest Advisory Service.  Harrisburg, PA. 51 ppg.

Rhoads, A.F. and T.A. Block. 2007. The Plants of Pennsylvania, 2nd ed. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 1999. Natural Areas Inventory of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. Bucks County Commissioners, Doylestown, PA.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 2002. Nescopeck State Park; Inventory of PNDI-listed Plants and Plant Communities. Report submitted to DCNR, Bureau of State Parks.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 2005. Jacobsburg Environmental Education Center Vegetation Inventory. Report submitted to DCNR, Bureau of State Parks.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 2006. Vegetation Inventory of Gouldsboro State Park. Report submitted to DCNR, Bureau of State Parks.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 2008. Natural Areas Inventory Update, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. Montgomery County Planning Commission, Norristown, PA.

Rhoads, Ann F. and Timothy A. Block. 2008. Natural Resources Inventory of French Creek State Park. Report submitted to DCNR, Bureau of State Parks.

Stone, B., D. Gustafson, and B. Jones. 2006 (revised). Manual of Procedure for State Game Land Cover Typing.  Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Game Commission, Bureau of Wildlife Habitat Management, Forest Inventory and Analysis Section, Forestry Division.  Harrisburg, PA. 79 ppg.

Thompson, E. 1996. Natural communities of Vermont uplands and wetland. Nongame and Natural Heritage Program, Department of Fish and Wildlife in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy, Vermont chapter.

Wenger, S. 1999. A Review of the Scientific Literature on Riparian Buffer Width, Extent and Vegetation. Office of Public Outreach, Institute of Ecology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens.